Effects of indole-3-carbinol on clonidine-induced neurotoxicity in rats: Impact on oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and monoamine levels
El-Naga RN; Ahmed, Hebatalla I; Abd Al Haleem, Ekram N;
Abstract
The relationship between inflammation, oxidative stress and the incidence of depression had been well studied. Indole-3-carbinol (I3C), a natural active compound found in cruciferous vegetables, was shown to have anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the potential protective effects of I3C against clonidine-induced depression-like behaviors in rats. Also, the possible mechanisms underlying this neuroprotection; anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory as well as the modulatory effect on monoamine levels in brain tissues were investigated. I3C was given orally (50mg/kg) daily over 2 weeks starting 7 days before giving clonidine (0.8mg/kg i.p.). Fluoxetine was used as a standard anti-depressant. Open-field test and forced swimming test were carried out to assess exploratory activity and despair behavior, respectively. I3C showed a significant improvement in the behavioral changes induced by clonidine. As indicators of oxidative stress, clonidine induced a significant reduction in GSH and SOD levels as well as an increase lipid peroxidation level. Tissue levels of pro-inflammatory and apoptotic markers were significantly increased in clonidine group. In addition, monoamine levels; noradrenaline and serotonin, showed a drastic decrease in clonidine group. Also, neuron specific enolase (NSE) was significantly elevated in clonidine group. In contrast, I3C pre-treatment significantly attenuated clonidine-induced oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, decreased NSE expression and increased levels of monoamines. Fluoxetine was used as a standard. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that I3C protects against clonidine-induced depression. This neuroprotective effect is partially mediated by its anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic activities as well as elevating monoamines levels.
Other data
Title | Effects of indole-3-carbinol on clonidine-induced neurotoxicity in rats: Impact on oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis and monoamine levels | Authors | El-Naga RN ; Ahmed, Hebatalla I; Abd Al Haleem, Ekram N | Keywords | Depression;Oxidative stress;Monoamine;Inflammation;Indole-3-carbinol | Issue Date | Sep-2014 | Publisher | ELSEVIER SCIENCE BV | Journal | Neurotoxicology | ISSN | 0161-813X | DOI | 10.1016/j.neuro.2014.05.004 | PubMed ID | 24877722 | Scopus ID | 2-s2.0-84901984505 | Web of science ID | WOS:000342654500006 |
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